The hottest economic globalization and institution

Economic globalization and institutional changes in transition countries (II)

1. Internationalization of production activities

with the continuous development of economic globalization, investment liberalization and internationalization of production activities have developed rapidly all over the world. In the field of international direct investment, multinational corporations have become the protagonists. Transnational corporations are growing, the transnational investment of giant enterprises is growing rapidly, the obstacles of international direct investment are decreasing, and the international division of production is deepening. All these changes make transnational operation the main mode of operation of contemporary enterprises, and the world production is increasingly integrated under the promotion of transnational operation of enterprises. In recent years, the increasingly fierce wave of cross-border mergers and acquisitions and the increasingly popular cross-border strategic alliances have become two significant features in the expansion of foreign capital, and play an irreplaceable role in promoting the further deepening of economic globalization. Moreover, to a greater and greater extent, transnational corporations are determining the global economic development pattern, especially the development direction of developing countries. The international business strategies of transnational corporations affect the development characteristics and development path of host countries in the Middle East. At the same time, they also have a substantive impact on countries in transition

(1) help to meet the investment needs of transition countries

investment liberalization has created conditions for countries with economies in transition to attract foreign investment and capital investment. In the process of transition to a market economy, the demand for new capital in transition countries is huge. Only in Eastern Europe, they will attract at least 150-200 billion US dollars in the first decade of the 21st century. There are three main sources of funds: domestic savings, foreign loans and attracting international direct investment. The disintegration of the socialist economic system in Eastern Europe led to the end of Soviet style international cooperation. This vacuum was filled not only by capital from western neighbors, but also by capital from afar. They are rich enough to invest with idle capital and see the challenges of transition as new opportunities to expand their businesses

(2) multinational corporations play an important role in the process of production internationalization and are the propeller of production internationalization. Transition countries benefit from the internationalization of production activities promoted by multinational corporations

the internationalization of production activities not only makes the traditional international division of labor in countries with economic transition gradually evolve into a worldwide division of labor, but also enables transnational corporations to penetrate into various industries and departments in these countries, so that production factors can be reasonably combined and flow, and resources can be reallocated

for the above reasons, as long as the transition countries can ensure a stable business environment, they can integrate into the process of internationalization of production activities. We know that the root of market capitalism lies not only in the dominant position of private property rights, but also in the competitive enterprise sector, a fully functional market and respect for the rules of market allocation. Therefore, with the entry of foreign direct investment and multinational companies, the micro enterprise system of transition countries will gradually converge with that of developed countries

2. financial globalization

since World War II, the main activities and financing methods in the international financial market have changed dramatically. The innovation of financial instruments has not only expanded the scale and scope of the international financial market, but also changed the structure of the international financial market. The financial market is becoming more and more international. Financial institutions have entered the international financial market and formed a worldwide network of financial institutions. A large number of financial businesses are carried out across national borders, and the financial operation rules are also more international. The strong momentum of financial globalization is threatening the economic transition countries to the tide of economic globalization, although some countries are not fully equipped to participate in meeting the requirements of agricultural operation environment and special equipment financial globalization. As a result, on the one hand, Russia, Ukraine and some Eastern European countries quickly integrated into the process of financial globalization, implemented financial liberalization policies, opened their financial markets, allowed foreign capital to enter, and implemented foreign exchange liberalization; On the other hand, while financial globalization accelerates international capital flows and provides convenience for transition countries to use foreign funds, it also often hides financial crises and risks. Due to the neglect of prevention and deregulation of financial regulation in some transition countries, financial crises have occurred one after another under the linkage and transmission mechanism between financial globalization and its economy, resulting in serious consequences. However, in any case, we cannot deny the integration of financial globalization on the financial systems of transition countries, and gradually unify their institutional arrangements in the financial field

3. trade liberalization

as economic globalization has promoted the formation of the world multilateral trading system, it has accelerated the growth rate of international trade and promoted the development of Global trade liberalization. In the field of international trade, in recent years, intra company trade (hereinafter referred to as idasso company) has reached a cooperation Understanding Memorandum. The vigorous development of international procurement of products, service trade and e-commerce between the two memoranda has greatly accelerated the process of world economic integration, thus promoting the degree of economic interdependence and mutual influence among countries to further deepen. In order to adapt to this situation, countries in transition should, on the one hand, accelerate the process of economic system transformation, and on the other hand, constantly adjust their economic structures and economic policies to meet the challenges of trade liberalization. For example, in the early stage of the transition, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary and other Eastern European countries have fully implemented foreign economic and trade liberalization policies. First, the state monopoly on the right to operate foreign trade has been abolished, and all enterprises in China are allowed to engage in foreign economic and trade activities freely. The second is to open the domestic market, relax or basically eliminate import and export restrictions, and implement the liberalization of import and export trade. Third, gradually eliminate some restrictions on the balance of payments and implement the system of free convertibility of local currency for daily business

the impact of international economic organizations on institutional changes in transition countries

under the development requirements of economic globalization, international economic organizations continue to be established and developed. These organizations have played an important role in coordinating emerging new issues in international economic relations and formulating norms for international economic activities. At the same time, the support and regulation of various international economic organizations for the economic transition of transition countries, as well as the prerequisites for applying for membership, have a subtle effect on their institutional choices and arrangements. Here, we mainly discuss the impact of WTO and various international financial institutions on institutional changes in transition countries

Hungary and Poland joined the general agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT) during the highly centralized planned economy, and later naturally became members of the WTO. At present, among the 132 member countries of the world trade organization, the transition countries are Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia (and Cuba). Among the 32 countries that submitted applications in 1998: Albania, Armenia, Belarus, China, Croatia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam and Yugoslavia. Among them, China has been approved to join the WTO on November 11, 2001 and officially become a member of the WTO, while Russia and other countries still need to continue their efforts

2. International financial organizations

since the 1990s, more and more national financial organizations have participated in the process of supporting the pressure cooker of the transition property market foam in transition countries to be forcibly covered by the government. The major international financial organizations include the world bank, the International Monetary Fund, the European investment bank and the European bank for reconstruction and development, as well as the bank for International Settlements, the International Development Association and the Asian Development Bank. In the theoretical circle, scholars have commented more on the effect and efficiency of these international financial organizations' financial support for the economic transition of transition countries, but in fact, they have also produced quite far-reaching external effects on the institutional changes of transition countries. The main reason is that these international financial organizations, especially the International Monetary Fund and the world bank, always put forward some restrictive and targeted conditions when providing loans. Their assistance to countries in transition should be implemented in accordance with the overall strategic agreement on economic transition signed between the recipient countries and the International Monetary Fund

so far, the loans of international financial organizations to transition countries have been mainly used for their fiscal reform, that is, plastic or electronic equipment is expected to be made of self destructing materials to subsidize the difference between the payment balance and the public budget caused by price and trade liberalization, the increase of social expenditure and the decrease of fiscal revenue. There are two types of conditions attached by international financial organizations when providing loans to countries in transition: one is economic policies related to macro-economy, institutions and sectors; The other is microeconomic project planning. Among them, there is no doubt that the International Monetary Fund has played an important role in participating in the determination of macroeconomic policies by countries in transition. However, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) requires the countries in transition to take restoring economic balance, reducing inflation, reducing public fiscal deficits and maintaining payment balance as the top economic goals. At the same time, it underestimates the difficulties of the countries in transition in the early stage of economic transition and is too optimistic about their recent economic indicators, resulting in their loan conditions being based on many assumptions that are not in line with the actual situation of the countries in transition, So that in the early stage of economic transition in transition countries, some provisions of the International Monetary Fund have become a bad guide for its system selection and design. As a result, although the ambitious macroeconomic program supported by international financial organizations has made the macro-economy develop in the direction expected by the program in some countries in transition, it has not achieved the predetermined goal. In the vast majority of transition countries, the duration and magnitude of the decline in production are more serious than expected by international financial organizations and relevant countries when formulating macroeconomic policies. Nevertheless, we cannot underestimate the role of international financial organizations in influencing the policy-making and institutional setting of countries in transition, especially Eastern European countries and Russia. Moreover, economic transition itself is a learning process for transition countries and international financial organizations. Recipient countries cannot expect international financial organizations to be omnipotent and economic transition